german unification ap eurowhat is the tone of antony's speech

Held together only by the idea of unification, their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the nebulous idea that the Volk (the people), if properly educated, would bring about unification on their own. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II from the nominal reign over it. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. Historians have long debated Bismarck's role in the events leading up to the war. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) Played 22 times. Play the overture to Das Rhinegold, which is approximately 5 minutes long. The Lower House, the Reichstag, was popularly elected but could not introduce legislation and could only veto the budget, something they were usually unwilling to do. Comparing and contrasting Wagner's views of nationalism in "Art and Revolution" with Bismarck's speech to the Prussian Lower House, what are the strengths and weaknesses of each view? Both impacting leaders, the Reformation's Martin Luther and the Qin Dynasty's Shi Huang Di make decisions that change the course of global history. Agitation by student organizations led such conservative leaders as Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich, to fear the rise of national sentiment. German and Italian unification was the fruit of the nationalism in 19th century. Review the logistics and format of the exam, as well as useful resources to study for each unit. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. G.Wawro. The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers between the German states, especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods, making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy, transport, and sell raw materials. AP Euro Italian Unification YouTube Video Otto von Bismarck (April 1, 1815 - July 30, 1898) Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman who set the stage for the creation of the German Empire in 1871 and served as its chancellor for 19 years. Its impact reached throughout the social order, affecting the highest born to the lowest. [34], As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway. Garibaldi looked to Germany for the "kind of leadership [that], in the true tradition of medieval chivalry, would devote itself to redressing wrongs, supporting the weak, sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men. Despite calls for rational thought and action, Italy, Prussia, and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict. You'll learn about Guisseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuelle, Otto von . p.302. [62] This shuffling of authority within the Prussian military establishment would have important consequences. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. For a representative analysis of this perspective, see. nationalism_and_realism_homework.docx - Nationalism and The Congress established a loose German Confederation (18151866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung, an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. Further complications emerged as a result of a shift in industrialization and manufacturing; as people sought jobs, they left their villages and small towns to work during the week in the cities, returning for a day and a half on weekends. Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 - Docmerit Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 $20.45 Add to Cart Browse Study Resource | Subjects Liberty University Health Care Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Exam Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 The unifications were different. [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism. [] Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. Politically, the conservative order tried to limit the influence of liberal politics by making minor concessions to liberals. The Prussian landed elites, the Junkers, retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state. [6] The creation of student militias such as the Ltzow Free Corps exemplified this tendency. His talent and place as one of the great romantic composers is often overshadowed by his virulent anti-Semitism, having claimed that Jews were "the evil conscience of our modern civilization." Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. Prussia's defeat of Denmark and annexation of Schleswig-Holstein set Prussia on a collision course with Austria for dominance of central Europe. The Age of Metternich is a turning point which sparks governmental . The king of Prussia as emperor and Bismarck as chancellor had complete authority over foreign affairs and the army. [12], Problematically, the built-in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia's 18th-century emergence in Imperial politics. Italian unification dbq ap european history exam 2010 Free Essays Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories, however much these might have boosted morale. And finally, the "makers" of Germany had to contend with foreign powers, especially Russia, France, and the Austrian Empire, all of whom had much to gain and lose with the emergence of a new central European power, necessitating the use of both skillful diplomacy and military aggression. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. AP Euro & World History Lecture: Italian & German Unification by Ye Olde History Shoppe 4.5 (2) $3.00 Google Slides This presentation includes checks for understanding and points of discussion: Everything you need to teach and review GERMAN & ITALIAN UNIFICATION with your AP European History or World History classes. Victor Grossman is a journalist from the U.S. now living in Berlin. [19] Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. It also required a rethinking of political, social, and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about "us" and "them". Not being a member mattered more for the states of south Germany, since the external tariff of the Customs Union prevented customs-free access to the coast (which gave access to international markets). The Austrian government ordered partial mobilization in the southern regions; the Italians responded by ordering full mobilization. [31], In contrast, the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." This is considered the basis for Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik. Through the organization of imperial circles (Reichskreise), groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. Aristocrat The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. Officially, the chancellor functioned as a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the State Secretaries (bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Wrttemberg and Baden. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. Blackbourn, David. The religious reform movement among German Jews reflected this effort. N. Korea wants more control over farming amid food shortage The new empire functioned largely as a federation, with Prussia as the dominant state. Plus, it's packed with the women's World Cup The numerable challenges to German unification meant that, as one prominent historian of Germany observed, the making of Germany was only slightly less difficult than the making of Germans. At the same time, the original East Prussian craddle of the Prussian statehood as well as the Prussian-held Polish- or Kashubian-speaking territories of Province of Posen and West Prussia were formally annexed into the North German Confederation, thus Germany. German reunification - Wikipedia [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. Through a combination of Bismarck's diplomacy and political leadership, von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's military strategy, Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could guarantee Austria's sphere of influence in Central Europe, thus achieving Prussian hegemony in Germany and ending the dualism debate.[73]. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test . Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Ki-Zerbo, Joseph [editor] Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit. [51] Instead, modern historians claim 1848 saw specific achievements by the liberal politicians. Its former leading state, the Austrian Empire, was along with the majority of its allies excluded from the ensuing North German Confederation Treaty sponsored by Prussia which directly annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt, while Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but kept its statehood. [77], Opposition to Prussia's strong-armed tactics surfaced in other social and political groups. No German state may treat Germans who are not its citizens as foreigners. The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria. The Austrian army therefore faced the technologically superior Prussian army with support only from Saxony. 9th Edition. Ukrainian Forces Hold On In Bakhmut, Kyiv Says, Despite Russian Claims This essay, and the others in this collection, focuses on Saxony, demonstrating how multiple groups of non-German ethnicities interacted in the era of unification. Documents on Italian Unification. On 18 November 1863, he signed the Danish November Constitution which replaced The Law of Sjlland and The Law of Jutland, which meant the new constitution applied to the Duchy of Schleswig. 0. There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification. Bismarck encouraged Leopold to accept the offer. Save Paper; Otto Von Bismarck - His Policies Of German Unification. The German question is not a constitutional question but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German, while that of Austria cannot be. [67] Second, his emphasis on blood and iron did not imply simply the unrivaled military might of the Prussian army but rather two important aspects: the ability of the assorted German states to produce iron and other related war materials and the willingness to use those war materials if necessary. There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. Napoleon had ordered the emancipation of Jews throughout territories under French hegemony. Natural factors included widespread drought in the early 1830s, and again in the 1840s, and a food crisis in the 1840s. [60]. AP European Example (Document Based Question) This is intended as a guide to the correct construction of the essay and is not to be used as your essay. "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. Crash Course European History #27 - Italian and German Unification (PDF) In the Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland ("Greater Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. The effects of the railway were immediate. During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blcher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. While some, such as Wagner, viewed the nation as an organic and natural entity, drawing together peoples with similar linguistic and cultural heritages, others considered the nation as a political institution to be constructed by political authority. [69] While the conditions of the treaties binding the various German states to one another prohibited Bismarck from taking unilateral action, the politician and diplomat in him realized the impracticality of this. German Unification - AP Central | College Board Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, The Structures of Nineteenth-Century Government, Students will be able to explain the sources of German nationalismincluding cultural, intellectual, religious, political, and socialand to describe the tensions between nationalism as cultural or linguistic "sameness," e.g., "German," and nationalism as defined by loyalty to a national political institution, e.g., "Germany.". With the exception of the years 18721873 and 18921894, the imperial chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty's hegemonic home-kingdom, Prussia. In the first half of the 1860s, Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home. [114] In the new German nation, a Kulturkampf (187278) that followed political, economic, and administrative unification attempted to address, with a remarkable lack of success, some of the contradictions in German society. The revolutionaries pressured various state governments, particularly those in the Rhineland, for a parliamentary assembly that would have the responsibility to draft a constitution. [] His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed [to] in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. These annexations did not happen, resulting in animosity from Napoleon towards Bismarck. Unification was achieved by building on a tradition of legal collaboration under the Holy Roman Empire and economic collaboration through the Zollverein. However, the Prussian leadership, which was thoroughly conservative, rejected the Frankfurt constitution, preferring reform and unification directed from above. Compare and contrast German and Italian unification - Academia.edu There are no class differences before the law. This limited union under Prussia would have almost eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY SUMMER, 2017 ASSIGNMENTS Welcome to AP European History. The story continues by drawing on Prussia's role in saving Germans from the resurgence of Napoleon's power in 1815, at Waterloo, creating some semblance of economic unity, and uniting Germans under one proud flag after 1871. In addition, a large part of Poland had been part of Prussia since the eighteenth century. 9-8 Points Thesis is clearly stated and addresses BOTH statesmen and compares and contrasts their methods of unification. Prussia's consolidated strength had become especially apparent during the Partitions of Poland, the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War under Frederick the Great. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach, in the Palatinate province of Bavaria. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. Finally, in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line. [96], The humiliating capture of the French emperor and the loss of the French army itself, which marched into captivity at a makeshift camp in the Saarland ("Camp Misery"), threw the French government into turmoil; Napoleon's energetic opponents overthrew his government and proclaimed the Third Republic. AP Euro: German Unification 45,625 views Jan 31, 2015 546 Dislike Share Paul Sargent 28.5K subscribers An overview of the process of German unification, with an emphasis on the role of Otto. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. When Italy and Germany were unified, they changed history. [97] "In the days after Sedan, Prussian envoys met with the French and demanded a large cash indemnity as well as the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. Britain's sphere was the rest of the world, especially the seas. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. The states ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Electorate of Bavaria, the Margraviate of Brandenburg or the Kingdom of Bohemia. Ap Euro Sample Guide. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. [94], Napoleon III had tried to secure territorial concessions from both sides before and after the Austro-Prussian War, but despite his role as mediator during the peace negotiations, he ended up with nothing. It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression." The rifle enabled a Prussian soldier to fire five shots while lying prone, while its muzzle-loading counterpart could only fire one shot and had to be reloaded while standing. The Blog @ TomRichey.net - TomRichey.net He refused for a variety of reasons. [66] First, the phrase from his speech "the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions" is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political processa repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate. In Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang Di uses Legalist, harsh values to govern the . In his first two wars, Bismarck balanced Russian and French concerns over the growing power of Prussia. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty; and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states (aside from Austria) to the international level. 9 months ago. This was only temporary, however, and the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. Chapter 19 AP Euro | Other Quiz - Quizizz The external tariffs on finished goods and overseas raw materials were below the rates of the Zollverein. The post Cold War reunification of Germany in 1990 seemed such a natural consequence of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Soviet power in Eastern Europe that it is easy to forget that Germany had a fairly brief life span as a unified nation-state. Consequently, Prussian leaders expected to play a pivotal role in German politics. The German Empire became," in Karl Marx's words, a military despotism cloaked in parliamentary forms with a feudal ingredient, influenced by the bourgeoisie, festooned with bureaucrats and guarded by police. Indeed, many historians would see Germany's escape into war in 1914 as a flight from all of the internal-political contradictions forged by Bismarck at Versailles in the fall of 1870. In addition, the notion of a distinctive path relies upon the underlying assumption that some other nation's path (in this case, the United Kingdom's) is the accepted norm. To name only a few of these studies: Geoff Eley. His Kulturkampf, or "struggle for civilization," was an attack on the power of the Catholic Church in Germany. German unification was the sole goal of Prussia's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. "Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German, Llobera, Josep R. and Goldsmiths' College. Italy had its own way of unifying and so did Germany. Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. [22] Promoted as a county fair,[23] its participants celebrated fraternity, liberty, and national unity. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. The states south of the Main River (Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavaria) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia's sphere of influence. Most European liberals in the Vormrz sought unification under nationalist principles, promoted the transition to capitalism, sought the expansion of male suffrage, among other issues. PDF Debates Over Italian Unification Dbq - (PDF) 900904; Wawro, pp. At Hambach, the positions of the many speakers illustrated their disparate agendas. Ap euro 30 - lecture notes - I a th eERXypROoEfFtCSh 0 The age of ' i [70] To get the German states to unify, Bismarck needed a single, outside enemy that would declare war on one of the German states first, thus providing a casus belli to rally all Germans behind. PDF Italian and German Unification Secondary Sources - AP European history Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war with the unfavorable Peace of Prague,[82] laying the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland (little Germany) solution, or "Germany without Austria.". The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. [116] The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865. On 1 May, Wilhelm gave von Moltke command over the Prussian armed forces, and the next day he began full-scale mobilization. He was also an ardent German nationalist. [91] Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. [64], Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849but by iron and blood. We will look into differences and similarities between German and Italian unification and come to the conclusion. Furthermore, it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification.

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